2022-02-15 11:15:21来源:医脉通阅读:11次
肺癌按照组织学特点可分为
一线药物治疗进展
1. PD-L1抑制剂联合化疗
IMpower133研究[4]是一项随机、双盲、多中心III期临床研究,纳入403例初治的ED-SCLC患者,一组先4个周期
2. PD-1抑制剂联合化疗
KEYNOTE-604[7]是一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照III期研究,将453名新诊断为ED-SCLC的患者随机分配接受
3. CTLA-4抑制剂联合化疗
CA184-041研究[9]纳入1132例ED-SCLC患者,随机分为EP+
4. PARP抑制剂联合化疗
PARP是DNA修复酶,PARP抑制剂可以阻碍癌细胞修复受损的DNA。SCLC高表达PARP1。ECOG-ACRIN 2511[10]研究纳入128例初治的ED-SCLC患者,随机分为Veliparib+EP组和安慰剂组。研究结果显示Veliparib组与安慰剂组在ORR(71.9%VS65.6%)、中位PFS(6.1个月VS5.5个月)、中位OS(10.3个月VS8.9个月)都没有显著差异。分层分析显示只有基线乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平升高的男性患者有明显获益。安全性方面两组总体相似。
5. 抗血管药物联合化疗
依托泊苷+
二线药物治疗进展
1. PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂
CheckMate-331[13]是一项全球性的III期临床研究,569例一线含铂化疗后复发或疾病进展的SCLC患者,随机分为纳武利尤单抗组和化疗组(化疗方案为拓扑替康或
2. DLL3单克隆抗体偶联DNA损伤剂Rova-T
超过80%的SCLC肿瘤细胞中高表达DLL3蛋白,该蛋白参与调控Notch信号通路,使Notch通路发出的信号促发癌症不受限制地生长,抑制Notch信号通路可以有效抑制肿瘤的生长和转移[16]。Rova-T是由DLL3抗体Rova与化疗药Tesirine连接而成的新型药物,抗体偶联药物特异性靶向识别肿瘤细胞的表面抗原DLL3,并利用自身携带的高效小分子药物毒素杀灭肿瘤靶细胞。2016年ASCO年会公布的一项关于Rova-T二线治疗SCLC患者的Ⅰ期临床试验,该研究入组74例晚期复发的SCLC患者,研究结果显示,Rova-T二线治疗DLL-3表达阳性SCLC患者的ORR为40%[17]。随后的III期TAHOE研究评估了二线Rova-T对比拓扑替康的疗效、安全性,结果显示,与拓扑替康组相比,Rova-T组的OS较差。
3. RNA聚合酶II抑制剂
Lurbinectedin RNA聚合酶II的抑制剂,能够诱导DNA双链断裂和调节肿瘤微环境。Lubrinectedin通过与DNA双螺旋结构上的小沟相结合,使得肿瘤细胞在有丝分裂过程中畸变而最终凋亡,进而减少细胞增殖[18]。2018ASCO报道了Lubrinectedin二线治疗SCLC的Ⅱ期多中心篮子研究(NCT02454972)数据[19],61例复发SCLC患者的ORR、中位PFS、中位OS分别为39.3%、4.1个月、11.8个月。粒细胞减少是最常见的副作用。基于此结果,2018年8月6日美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)授予Lurbinectedin孤儿药的资格。目前正在开展该药的III期临床研究ATLANTIS,探讨Lurbinectedin+
4. PARP抑制剂
一项Ⅱ期随机双盲研究入组104例复发性SCLC患者,一组是Veliparib联合
5. 节拍化疗
2016年日本发表的JCOG0605研究[21]探讨了顺铂联合依托泊苷、伊立替康节拍方案二线治疗SCLC。分为顺铂联合依托泊苷、伊立替康节拍化疗组和拓扑替康单药治疗组,两组OS分别为18.2个月、12.5个月(P=0.0079)。节拍化疗能否成为未来二线的治疗选择,需要进一步探索。
复发转移患者接受进一步化疗后的中位OS仅为4-5个月。NCCN指南中经一线治疗后复发的SCLC患者二线首选参加临床试验,其他的治疗方案则应根据一线治疗后的复发时间,选择不同的治疗方案。拓扑替康是目前国内首选的SCLC二线标准治疗药物,但拓扑替康治疗的副作用较大。CSCO指南中推荐的其他化疗药物有伊立替康、紫杉醇、多西他赛、吉西他滨、长春瑞滨等。
三线药物治疗进展
1. PD-1抑制剂
CheckMate 032研究[22]是一个多中心、开放、I-II期临床试验,共纳入109例接受3线或以上纳武利尤单抗治疗的SCLC患者,主要研究终点是ORR。最终研究结果显示,ORR为11.9%,PD-L1表达<1%和≥1%患者的ORR相似。中位PFS、中位OS分别为1.4个月、5.6个月。最常见的3-4级TRAEs为
2. 安罗替尼
ALTER1202研究[26]是一项随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的多中心II期研究,研究入组120例既往接受过至少2线化疗的SCLC患者,按照2:1随机分配接受安罗替尼或安慰剂治疗。主要研究终点是PFS。两组的中位PFS分别为4.1个月、0.7个月(P <0.0001);合并脑转移的患者中中位PFS分别为3.8个月、0.8个月(P=0.003)。两组的ORR分别为4.9%、2.6%;DCR分别为71.6%、13.2%(P<0.0001);两组的中位OS分别为7.3个月、4.9个月(P=0.021)。两组3-5级AE发生率分别为35.8%、15.4%。研究支持安罗替尼用于3线及以上SCLC患者的治疗。
3. DLL3单克隆抗体偶联DNA损伤剂Rova-T
前期的一项Ⅰ期临床研究中Rova-T三线治疗DLL-3高表达(DLL3≥50%)SCLC患者的ORR为38%[27]。随后进行了一项开放标签的单臂Ⅱ期TRINITY临床研究[28],探索DLL3表达的三线SCLC中Rova-T的疗效,并在2018年ASCO公布了研究结果。共纳入199例患者,其中64%为三线患者。主要研究终点是ORR和OS。在DLL3高表达(≥75%)三线患者中,中位PFS为4.1个月,ORR为19.7%,中位OS为6.7个月。常见的药物有关AE包括疲劳(32%),光敏感(31%),
真实世界的研究数据显示,接受各种各样三线治疗的SCLC患者,其ORR为21.3%,中位DOR为2.6个月,中位OS为4.4个月,1年OS率仅为11%[29]。DLL3高表达的患者,Rova-T三线治疗的ORR不足20%,与传统化疗的ORR相当,但是6.7个月的OS仍优于传统化疗的4.7-5.1个月,Rova-T治疗依旧值得期待。目前,鉴于CheckMate 032研究、KEYNOTE-028研究和KEYNOTE-158研究、ALTER1202研究,CSCO指南将PD-1抑制剂、安罗替尼列入ED-SCLC三线治疗推荐。
小结
综上所述,2018年可以说是ED-SCLC治疗的一个转折点。在2018年之前,一线标准是依托泊苷/伊立替康联合铂类。鉴于IMpower133、CASPIAN研究,NCCN、CSCO指南将阿替利珠单抗、度伐利尤单抗联合EP方案列入ED-SCLC一线治疗推荐。2018年之前的三线治疗没有标准推荐,鉴于CheckMate 032研究、KEYNOTE-028研究和KEYNOTE-158研究、ALTER1202研究,CSCO指南将PD-1抑制剂、安罗替尼列入ED-SCLC三线治疗推荐。CheckMate-331、IFCT-1603中二线免疫单药都以失败告终,PASSION研究中卡瑞利珠单抗联合阿帕替尼二线治疗显示出一定的疗效,提示我们二线使用免疫联合其他药物值得进一步探索。二线中值得期待的还有RNA聚合酶II抑制剂Lubrinectedin与化疗的联合。PARP抑制剂在SCLC中的研究目前仍处于早期阶段,非选择人群中PARP抑制剂无论单药还是联合化疗尚未见明显突破,在标志物选择人群中(SLFN11、LDH)PARP抑制剂的优势初见端倪。尽管免疫靶向药物取得了一些突破,但筛选优势人群、免疫靶向的最佳治疗模式和介入时机仍需要探索。
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