2022-05-26 16:37:08来源:医脉通阅读:11次
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爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒(EBV)可以侵入宿主的B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞和NK细胞,终生存活。EBV的长潜伏期和再激活会恶性转化,导致各种淋巴组织增殖性疾病(LPDs),包括EBV相关B细胞淋巴组织增殖性疾病(EBV-B-LPDs)(例如,伯基特淋巴瘤[BL]、经典型
图1. 在潜伏感染期间,EBV在不同的宿主细胞中表达不同的病毒蛋白。潜伏型0:EBER和miRNA在宿主细胞核中表达,主要在健康的EBV携带者中表达。潜伏I型:EBNA1、EBER和miRNA通常在BL患者中表达。潜伏II型:EBNA1、EBER、miRNA、LMP1、LMP2A和LMP2B通常在HL、NKTCL、NPC和DLBCL患者中表达。潜伏III型:EBNA1–4、EBER、miRNA、LMP1、LMP2A和LMP2B可在PTLD、淋巴母细胞系(LCL)和
图2. EBV裂解循环再激活。在多种刺激物激活EBV Z/R启动子(Zp和Rp)后,两种即刻早期蛋白相互激活表达并驱动EBV裂解循环。在这个过程中,产生了一系列的裂解蛋白来调节基因表达和诱导DNA复制。最后,病毒颗粒被结构蛋白包装并通过胞吐释放。
化疗
EBV几乎可在所有地方性BL病例和高达40%的免疫缺陷相关BL病例中被检测到。各种强化治疗方案在BL患者中表现出极大的活性,如CODOX-M/IVAC+/-R、CALGB、H
EBV也在一些T或NK细胞淋巴瘤中被发现,在NK/T细胞淋巴瘤(NKTCL)中最为常见。基于L-天冬酰胺酶的方案,如SMILE,显示出良好的疗效,但毒性高,甚至可能导致患者死亡。DDGP、P-Gemox和AspaMetDex是毒性较小的替代品,取得了不错的效果(表2)。在T细胞淋巴瘤中,EBV+ PTCL-NOS将CHOP作为一线治疗方法,但仅凭此方案该疾病不能被治愈。
免疫治疗
单克隆抗体
基于CD30、CD20、CD38在部分肿瘤细胞的表达,这三种靶点的靶向药物在EBV-LPDs中的应用研究较多(表1,表2)。
CD30可在EBV感染诱导的一些移植后淋巴增生性疾病(PTLD)中表达,包括DLBCL。PTLD对标准治疗反应不佳,
EBV感染和CD20+ B细胞增殖能够在90%的PTLD病例中被观察到。因此抗CD20的单克隆抗体
CD38是NKTCL的潜在治疗靶点。Wang L等人证明CD38阳性与不良预后显著相关。最新的一项2期研究中,32名R/R NKTCL患者应用
检查点抑制剂
程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)可结合T细胞上的PD-1受体以抑制T细胞免疫功能(图3)。cHL、PTLD以及NKTCL的恶性细胞都表达PD-L1,并且这种表达受到EBV的促进。
EBV驱动潜伏膜蛋白LMP1过度表达,激活NF-κB/MAPK和JAK/STAT信号通路,从而导致PD-L1高表达。(图3)因此JAK1/2/3抑制剂也成为了研究和应用的热点。用JAK3抑制剂托法替尼(Tofacitinib)治疗EBV阳性T和NK细胞系可降低磷酸化STAT5水平,抑制增殖。
图3. EBV感染肿瘤细胞的免疫治疗机制。EBV感染的肿瘤细胞表达PD-L1,与微环境中表达PD-1的T细胞结合可抑制免疫杀伤功能;EBV驱动潜在膜蛋白LMP的过度表达,激活NF-κB/MAPK和JAK/STAT信号通路,导致PD-L1的高表达。因此,在输注多克隆EBV特异性CTL后使EBV和LMP特异性T细胞的频率增加以及PD-1/PD-1/L1药物的应用可以减少免疫抑制并杀死肿瘤细胞。
细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)
过继免疫疗法通过体外激活和扩增EBV-CTL注射到患者体内以重建免疫力。在大约40%的淋巴瘤患者中,肿瘤细胞表达的潜在蛋白LMP-1和LMP-2同样成为CTL的免疫治疗靶点。EBV-CTL与LMP-1/2-CTL在cHL、PTLD、NKTCL部分人群中有相关研究(表1,2)。然而,由于成本限制和技术困难,CTL通常在患者病情恶化后使用,尚未在临床上大规模应用。
Allo-HSCT
国内外大量研究证明,异基因造血干细胞移植可以治疗EBV-T/NK-LPDs。2000年,首次有报告通过异基因骨髓移植治愈了一名CAEBV患者,同时根除了感染EBV的外周T细胞和NK细胞。一系列研究已经证明,接受Allo-HSCT的患者有明显的生存益处。然而,移植前有活动性疾病的患者预后较差,目前化疗不能解决该问题。尽管allo-HSCT可以治愈患者,但移植后并发症的风险很高,通常保留用于重症患者。
表观遗传学
重新激活EBV裂解循环可使细胞毒性抗病毒药物对EBV阳性细胞产生特异性杀伤作用,研究表明组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂可以激活该循环。目前,HDAC抑制剂中伏
蛋白酶体抑制剂
结语
总之,近年来EBV-LPDs的治疗取得了很大进展,从传统的化疗、免疫抑制剂和HSCT,到信号通路和病毒潜伏期及裂解周期的发现带来的免疫治疗和表观遗传学治疗。然而,大多数研究结果仅限于特定群体。对于EBV-LPDs的异质群体,免疫治疗靶点、检查点抑制剂、CTL、小分子靶点等仍然是难以捉摸的。我们希望,随着这些方法相关的数据和科学的成熟,后续可以提供单一治疗和联合治疗的替代疗法。
表1. EBV-B-LPDs的有效治疗方法总结
表2. EBV-T/NK-LPDs的有效治疗方法总结
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