2023-01-11 17:08:33来源:中华医学会器官移植学分会阅读:17次
(本共识将在《器官移植》杂志2023年第14卷第一期发表)
中华医学会器官移植学分会、中国医师协会器官移植学分会、国家人体捐献器官获取质量控制中心
一、我国新冠病毒感染防控及捐献器官分配的相关政策
二、捐献者感染新冠病毒的临床特点
(一)新冠病毒的流行特点
(二)捐献者感染新冠病毒的临床特点
1. 新冠病毒感染捐献者的定义
2. 新冠病毒感染捐献者的临床特点、诊断和临床分型
3. 新冠病毒感染对可捐献器官的影响
(1)肾脏
(2)肝脏
(3)心脏
三、新冠病毒感染者捐献器官移植
(一)新冠病毒感染捐献者捐献肾脏移植
(二)新冠病毒感染捐献者捐献肝脏移植
(三)新冠病毒感染捐献者捐献心脏移植
四、新冠病毒核酸阳性捐献者器官捐献的建议:
(一)肝脏、肾脏、心脏等非肺脏器官捐献
1. 捐献者14天内有新冠病毒感染史,鼻咽拭子核酸或抗原检测阴性,按照按公民逝世后器官捐献流程正常实施捐献。
2. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒抗原或核酸检测阳性,无相关临床病史,按照按公民逝世后器官捐献流程正常实施捐献。
3. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒抗原或核酸检测阳性,临床分型为轻型和中型,按照公民逝世后器官捐献流程正常实施捐献。
4. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒抗原或核酸检测阳性,临床分型为重型,核酸检测低病毒载量(Ct值≥30),可按照按公民逝世后器官捐献流程实施捐献。
5. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒抗原或核酸检测阳性,临床分型为重型,核酸检测高病毒载量(Ct值<30),移植等待者紧急情况下可实施器官捐献;或经抗病毒治疗新冠病毒核酸检测低病毒载量(Ct值≥30)或转阴,可按照按公民逝世后器官捐献流程实施捐献。
6. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒核酸或抗原检测阳性,临床分型为危重型,核酸检测高病毒载量(Ct<30),不建议捐献器官;鼻咽拭子新冠病毒核酸检测低病毒载量(Ct≥30),移植等待者紧急情况下可实施器官捐献。
图1. 新冠病毒感染捐献者非肺器官捐献流程图
(二)肺脏捐献
1. 捐献者14天内有新冠病毒感染史,鼻咽拭子、肺泡灌洗液核酸或抗原检测阴性,肺部影像学无明显病变,按照按公民逝世后器官捐献流程实施肺脏捐献。
2. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒核酸或抗原检测阳性,临床分型为轻型,移植等待者紧急情况下可严格标准实施肺脏捐献。
3. 捐献者感染新冠病毒,鼻咽拭子新冠病毒核酸或抗原检测阳性,临床分型为中型或重症,不适合肺脏捐献。
图2. 新冠病毒感染捐献者肺脏捐献流程图
执笔作者:丁晨光、栗泽鹏、李潇、薛武军
通讯作者:薛武军
主审专家:郑树森 叶啟发 何晓顺 门同义 齐海智
审稿专家:陈知水 张水军 徐骁 田野 陈静瑜 程颖 窦剑 李波 王伟林 周江桥 杨扬 丰贵文 王正昕 蒋文涛 陈文慧 李新长 霍枫 顾民 吕国悦 董震 蒋继贫 黄洁 夏家红 徐鑫 吴波 章志丹 秦科 巨春蓉 孙永康 张武 张明 杨诏旭 孙丽莹 王博 项和立 林俊 范晓礼
参考文献
[1] Aubert O, Yoo D, Zielinski D, et al. COVID-19 pandemic and worldwide organ transplantation: a population-based study [J]. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(10):e709-e719.
[2] Ritschl PV, Nevermann N, Wiering L, et al. Solid organ transplantation programs facing lack of empiric evidence in the COVID-19 pandemic: a By-proxy Society Recommendation Consensus approach [J]. Am J Transpl, 2020;20:1826–1836.
[3] Peghin M, Grossi PA. COVID-19 positive donor for solid organ transplantation [J]. J Hepatol. 2022;77(4):1198-1204.
[4] Bock Mj, Vaughn Gr, Chau P, et al. Organ transplantation using COVID-19-positive deceased donors [J]. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(9):2203-2216.
[5] Dhand A, Okumura K, Nabors C, et al. Solid organ transplantation from COVID positive donors in the United States: Analysis of United Network for Organ Sharing database [J]. Transpl Infect Dis. 2022;e13925.
[6] 国家卫生健康委办公厅\中央军委后勤保障部卫生局. 血站新冠病毒感染防控工作指引(第二版) [EB/OL]. (2022-12-17)[2023-01-05]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ylyjs/pqt/202212/2320f33915664959b868d3ac49b91c1c.shtml
[7] Martinez-Reviejo R, Tejada S, Cipriano A, et al. Solid organ transplantation from donors with recent or current SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review [J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2022;41(4):101098.
[8] Schold JD, Koval CE, Wee A, et al. Utilization and outcomes of deceased donor SARS-CoV-2-positive organs for solid organ transplantation in the United States [J]. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(9):2217-2227.
[9] 国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组. 关于进一步优化新冠肺炎疫情防控措施科学精准做好防控工作的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-11-11)[2023-01-05]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202211/ed9d123bbfe14e738402d846290049ea.shtml
[10] 国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组. 关于进一步优化落实新冠肺炎疫情防控措施的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-12-07)[2023-01-05]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202212/8278e7a7aee34e5bb378f0e0fc94e0f0.shtml
[11] 国家卫生健康委. 公告[EB/OL]. (2022-12-26)[2023-01-05]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202212/6630916374874368b9fea6c2253289e1.shtml
[12] 国务院应对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情联防联控机制综合组. 关于对新型冠状病毒感染实施“乙类乙管”的总体方案[EB/OL]. (2022-12-07)[2023-01-05]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/zhengcwj/202212/e97e4c449d7a475794624b8ea12123c6.shtml
[13] 国家卫生健康委办公厅、国家中医药局综合司. 关于印发新型冠状病毒感染诊疗方案(试行第十版)的通知[EB/OL]. (2023-01-06)[2023-01-06]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-03/15/content_5679257.htm
[14] Wang Q, Iketani S, Li Z, et al. Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants [J]. Cell. 2022, S0092-8674(22)01531-8. .
[15] Callaway, E. Heavily mutated Omicron variant puts scientists on alert [J]. Nature, 2021, 600(7887):21-22.
[16] 中国疾控中心病毒病所、中国疾病预防控制中心. 关于XBB.1.5毒株,这些知识您需要了解[EB/OL]. (2023-01-04)[2023-01-07]. https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/crb/zl/szkb_11803/jszl_2275/202301/t20230104_263205.html
[17] 陶焱炀. 奥密克戎变异株引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学分析[J]. 国际流行病学传染病学杂志. 2022, 49(5):314–319
[18] van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1 [J]. N Engl J Med. 2020, 382(16):1564–1567.
[19] 国家卫生健康委员会办公厅,国家中医药管理局办公室. 关于印发新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第九版)的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-3-14)[2023-01-06]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2022-03/15/content_5679257.htm
[20] Al Bayat S, Mundodan J, Hasnain S, et al. Can the cycle threshold (Ct) value of RT-PCR test for SARS CoV2 predict infectivity among close contacts? [J]. J Infect Public Health. 2021, 14(9): 1201-1205.
[21] Mishra B, Ranjan J, Purushotham P, et al. High proportion of low cycle threshold value as an early indicator of COVID-19 surge. J Med Virol. 2022, 94(1): 240-245.
[22] 孙煦勇, 秦科. 中国公民逝世后捐献供器官功能评估和维护专家共识(2016版) [J]. 中华移植杂志:电子版, 2016, 10(4):145-153.
[23] Shah M, Woo HG. Omicron: A Heavily Mutated SARS-CoV-2 Variant Exhibits Stronger Binding to ACE2 and Potently Escapes Approved COVID-19 Therapeutic Antibodies [J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 12:6031.
[24] Brevini T, Maes M, Webb GJ, et al. FXR inhibition may protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection by reducing ACE2. Nature, 2022 (Access).
[25] Meo SA, Meo AS, Al-Jassir FF, et al. Omicron SARS-CoV-2 new variant: global prevalence and biological and clinical characteristics [J]. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 2021, 25(24):8012–8018.
[26] Stein S.R, Ramell SC, Grazioli A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence in the human body and brain at autopsy [J]. Nature, 2022, 612, 758–763.
[27] Hassanein M, Radhakrishnan Y, Sedor J, et al. COVID-19 and the kidney [J]. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020, 87(10): 619-631.
[28] Braun F, Lutgehetmann M, Pfefferle S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 renal tropism associates with acute kidney injury [J]. Lancet, 2020, 396(10251): 597-8.
[29] Diao, B, Wang, C, Wang, R. et al. Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection [J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12, 2506.
[30] Golmai P, Larsen C P, Devita M V, et al. Histopathologic and Ultrastructural Findings in Postmortem Kidney Biopsy Material in 12 Patients with AKI and COVID-19 [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(9): 1944-7.
[31] Sharma P, Uppal N N, WANCHOO R, et al. COVID-19-Associated Kidney Injury: A Case Series of Kidney Biopsy Findings [J]. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2020, 31(9): 1948-58.
[32] Wang L, Li X, Chen H, et al. Coronavirus Disease 19 Infection Does Not Result in Acute Kidney Injury: An Analysis of 116 Hospitalized Patients from Wuhan, China [J]. Am J Nephrol, 2020, 51(5): 343-8.
[33] Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens [J]. JAMA, 2020, 323(18): 1843-4.
[34] 崔浩, 梁静, 向慧玲. 新型冠状病毒肺炎相关肝损伤研究进展[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(4): 931-935
[35] WJ Guan, ZY Ni, Y H, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in china [J]. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:1708-1720.
[36] Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area [J]. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052-2059.
[37] Kates O S, Fisher C E, Rakita R M, et al. Emerging evidence to support not always "just saying no" to SARS-CoV-2 positive donors [J]. Am J Transplant, 2020, 20(11): 3261-2.
[38] Force A C-T, Lau G, Sharma M. Clinical practice guidance for hepatology and liver transplant providers during the COVID-19 pandemic: APASL expert panel consensus recommendations [J]. Hepatol Int, 2020, 14(4): 415-28.
[39] Wang Y, Liu S, Liu H, Et Al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19 [J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(4): 807-16.
[40] Bloom P P, Meyerowitz E A, Reinus Z, et al. Liver Biochemistries in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 [J]. Hepatology: Official Journal of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 2021(3):73.
[41] Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, et al. Hematologic, Biochemical and Immune Biomarker Abnormalities Associated with Severe Illness and Mortality in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Meta-Analysis [J]. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, 2020,58, 1021-1028.
[42] Liu PP, Blet A, Smyth D, Li H. The Science Underlying COVID-19: Implications for the Cardiovascular System. Circulation. 2020;142(1):68-78.
[43] Lindner D, Fitzek A, Bräuninger H, et al. Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases [J]. JAMA Cardiol. 2020, 5(11): 1281-1285.
[44] Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies [J].Mod Pathol,2020, 33 ( 6):1007-1014.
[45] Wu C, Hu X, Song J, et al. Heart injury signs are associated with higher and earlier mortality in coronavirus [J]. Mes Rxiv, 2020, 19( 4): 231-134.
[46] Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome [J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2020,8(4): 420-422.
[47] Ammirati E, Lupi L, Palazzini M, et al. Prevalence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of COVID-19-Associated Acute Myocarditis. Circulation. 2022 Apr 12, 145(15): 1123-1139.
[48] The Ad Hoc Disease Transmission Advisory Committee of Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Disease transmission advisory committee[EB/OL]. [2023-01-09]. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/about/committees/disease-transmission-advisory-committee/
[49] Koval C E, Eltemamy M, Poggio E D, et al. Comparative outcomes for over 100 deceased donor kidney transplants from SARS-CoV-2 positive donors: A single-center experience [J]. Am J Transplant, 2022, 22(12): 2903-11.
[50] Koval C E, Poggio E D, Lin Y C, et al. Early success transplanting kidneys from donors with new SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity: A report of 10 cases [J]. Am J Transplant, 2021, 21(11): 3743-9.
[51] Molnar M Z, Hall I E, Raghavan D, et al. Kidney transplantation from SARS-CoV-2-positive deceased donor [J]. Am J Transplant, 2022, 22(4): 1280-2.
[52] Puodziukaite L, Serpytis M, Kundrotaite A, et al. Kidney transplantation from a SARS-CoV-2-positive donor for the recipients with immunity after COVID-19 [J]. Transpl Infect Dis, 2021, 23(4): e13666.
[53] Romagnoli R, Gruttadauria S, Tisone G, et al. Liver transplantation from active COVID-19 donors: A lifesaving opportunity worth grasping? [J]. Am J Transplant, 2021, 21(12): 3919-25.
[54] Jayasekera C R, Vikram H R, Rifat Z, et al. Solid Organ Transplantation From SARS-CoV-2-infected Donors to Uninfected Recipients: A Single-center Experience [J]. Transplant Direct, 2022, 8(2): e1286.
[55] Wall A E, Mckenna G J, Onaca N, et al. Utilization of a SARS-CoV-2-positive donor for liver transplantation [J]. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent), 2022, 35(1): 62-3.
[56] Goss M B, Leung D H B, Pouch S M, et al. A new chapter in an evolving pandemic: Successful pediatric liver transplantation with SARS-CoV-2+ donors [J]. Pediatr Transplant, 2022, 26(8): e14407.
[57] Nguyen M C, Lee E J, Avery R K, et al. Transplant of SARS-CoV-2-infected Living Donor Liver: Case Report [J]. Transplant Direct, 2021, 7(8): e721.
[58] Eichenberger E M, Coniglio A C, Milano C, et al. Transplanting thoracic COVID-19 positive donors: An institutional protocol and report of the first 14 cases [J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2022, 41(10): 1376-81.