Guidelines on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and prevention in kidney transplant recipients in China
【Abstract】 Although the World Health Organization has declared that COVID-19 is no longer a public health emergency of international concern, the novel coronavirus infection is still a major public health problem affecting human health, and vaccination is one of the most effective means to prevent the novel coronavirus infection. Therefore, while doing a good job in the normal prevention and control of the epidemic, the effectiveness, safety and necessity of novel coronavirus vaccination are still relevant issues that need to be considered by kidney transplant people. In addition, according to the mutation of the novel coronavirus, it has become the consensus of the international community to develop new vaccines, actively vaccinate and expand the coverage of vaccines, and increase the vaccination rate of the population. Kidney transplant recipients are a high-risk group of patients with novel coronavirus infection, and this group has been in a low immune state for a long time, so there are problems such as weakened immune response to novel coronavirus vaccine, vaccine selection, use method, and breakthrough infection. Based on the Expert Consensus on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and prevention in kidney transplant recipients in China published by the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Chinese Medical Association in 2023, and combined with the latest published data at home and abroad, this paper updates relevant recommendations and forms guidelines on the vaccination and prevention of novel coronavirus among kidney transplant recipients. To provide reference for clinicians and health care workers.
Funding program:National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000717,82170766,82370802); Beijing Natural Science Foundation (7192043, 7194250); Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme (QML20190106)
2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒(以下简称“新冠病毒”)的传播已成为影响人类健康的重大公共卫生威胁。在新冠病毒流行期间,器官移植医生和受者的担忧主要是与普通人群相比,器官移植受者免疫功能低下,新冠病毒感染率、重症率和病死率可能更高。新冠病毒流行初期,国际移植协会移植疾病感染分会建议在新冠病毒传播广泛的地区暂停活体和死亡捐献的肾脏移植手术,以避免受者暴露于因免疫抑制而使感染概率上升的环境中;同时建议在可以确定传播链或零星散发病例的国家和地区,保留死亡捐献供体来源的肾脏移植[1]。随着疫情大流行,Delta和Omicron等变异毒株相继出现,导致器官捐献与移植率、活体供体和死亡供体肾脏移植手术量均大幅下降,尤其对发展中国家的影响更大[2-3]。新型冠状病毒疫苗(以下简称“新冠疫苗”)的上市及广泛接种,为新型冠状病毒感染(Corona-virus Disease 2019, COVID-19)的预防提供了特异性手段,也为保护器官移植人群免受新冠病毒危害提供了更有效的措施。但基于疫苗的多样性、有效性和安全性,其在器官移植受者中的免疫应答降低、疫苗选择、使用方法、突破性感染等问题引起广泛关注。尽管在2023年5月5日世界卫生组织(world health organization, WHO)宣布COVID-19不再是国际关注的突发公共卫生事件,但新型冠状病毒感染仍然是影响人类健康的重大公共卫生问题,而接种疫苗是预防新型冠状病毒感染最有效的手段之一。因此,在做好疫情常态化防控的同时,新型冠状病毒疫苗接种的有效性、安全性、必要性等问题仍是肾脏移植人群需要考虑的相关问题。本文基于中华医学会器官移植学分会在2023年发表的《中国肾脏移植受者新型冠状病毒疫苗接种与预防专家共识》,结合国内外公开发表的最新资料,就肾脏移植受者新型冠状病毒疫苗接种与预防的有关问题更新了相关建议并形成指南,以供临床医生及卫生保健工作者参考。
一、指南形成方法
本指南已在国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(Practice Guide Registration for TransPAREncy, PREPARE)上以中英双语注册(注册号:PREPARE-2024CN581)。
接种疫苗是预防传染病安全、有效、便利而特异性的手段。通过接种新冠疫苗,减缓了新冠病毒的传播,尤其在减少COVID-19的重症和死亡方面发挥了重要的作用。有模型研究显示,接种新冠疫苗的第一年,全球累计避免死亡将近两千万人口[5]。疫苗接种极大改变了COVID-19大流行的进程,挽救了全球数千万人的生命。实体器官移植(solid organ transplant, SOT)受者是罹患COVID-19的高危人群[6]。多项大型、多中心研究显示,新冠病毒大流行期间SOT受者感染新冠病毒后的住院率在4%~78%,住院患者的机械通气率或重症监护室入住率18%~31%,病死率15%~25%,重症患者死亡率大于50%[7-9]。疫苗接种、保持社交距离、使用口罩等对新冠病毒的预防措施可有效降低肾脏移植受者的感染率,而抗新冠病毒单克隆抗体(以下简称“单克隆抗体”)的使用可降低感染新冠病毒阳性肾脏移植受者的住院率与死亡率[10]。因此,进一步加快新冠疫苗接种速度、扩大接种范围、提高疫苗接种率、使用单克隆抗体及坚持物理隔离等综合性防治措施已成为肾脏移植专家对于有效防治肾脏移植受者新冠病毒感染的共识[11]。
研究显示,肾脏移植受者新冠病毒的感染率、重症率、死亡风险以及对医疗资源的负担均明显高于普通健康人群[19-24],且肾脏移植受者感染新冠病毒后移植肾功能显著降低[25]。而接种了新冠疫苗的移植受者较未接种受者的新冠病毒感染率、重症率和死亡率均明显下降[26-27]。因此,推荐肾脏移植受者若无特别禁忌应积极接种新冠疫苗。综合美国移植学会传染病实践委员会(American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice, AST IDCOP)和国际移植协会移植疾病感染分会的建议,器官移植受者无论既往是否感染过新冠病毒或新冠病毒抗体阳性,均建议接种新冠疫苗。因为无论免疫功能是否低下,有关再次感染新冠病毒的病例报告表明,首次感染后的保护是不充分的,并且其保护力会随着时间的推移而减弱[1,28]。我国目前使用的新冠疫苗多为国产的灭活疫苗,其在普通人群的安全性和有效性已得到证实[29-30]。同时疫苗接种年龄范围现已包括3~17岁的儿童及青少年,多项研究证实现有疫苗在该类人群中安全性良好[31-33]。并且已有来自国内外的多个研究中心陆续报道了灭活疫苗在肾脏移植和肝脏移植受者的使用中安全性良好[34-39]。我国发布的《新冠病毒疫苗接种技术指南(第一版)》指出,根据以往接种同类型疫苗的安全性特点,推荐免疫功能受损人群接种灭活疫苗及重组蛋白亚单位疫苗。因此,本专家共识根据我国患者疫苗的可及性,推荐我国肾脏移植受者(包括3~17岁的儿童及青少年)在自身条件允许接种的情况下(无接种禁忌,且符合我国新冠疫苗接种的有关要求)的情况下接种新冠疫苗。
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