2024-07-02 17:16:56来源:中华医学会器官移植学分会阅读:245次
肝癌肝移植受者免疫检查点抑制剂应用专家共识
中华医学会器官移植学分会
中国医师协会器官移植医师分会肝移植学组
中国康复医学会器官移植康复专业委员会
项目基金支持:国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2505900);国家自然科学基金专项项目(82241225);国家自然科学基金面上项目(81873874 ,82071797)
【摘要】免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)为肝癌的治疗掀开了新的篇章,已成为肝癌转化和辅助治疗的主要选择之一。ICIs现已较广泛地应用于肝癌肝移植术前的桥接/降期治疗,并在肝移植术后肝癌复发转移的治疗中,也有了一些探索性应用。实体器官移植受者,为预防排斥反应的发生,术后均须长期进行免疫抑制治疗。由于担心ICIs引发排斥反应的潜在风险及其它相关副作用,ICIs在肝癌肝移植受者的应用方面,还存在诸多疑惑与问题,从而限制了ICIs在肝癌肝移植术前、术后安全有效的使用。目前国内外尚缺乏关于ICIs在肝癌肝移植患者应用指南或共识,因此,由中华医学会器官移植学分会发起,邀请领域内专家提出临床问题,结合已发表的国内外相关指南、共识和研究进展,经过多轮的讨论、商榷以及专家决定,共同制订了本共识。以期为肝脏移植领域的临床工作者提供合理的指导和参考。
【关键词】肝移植;肝细胞癌;免疫检查点抑制剂;排斥反应
【Abstract】Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have created a new era in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have become the one of the main models for transformation and adjuvant therapy for HCC. ICIs have been widely used in the bridging or down-staging treatment of HCC before liver transplantation (LT), and exploringly applied in the treatment of recurrence and metastasis of HCC after LT. To prevent rejection, recipients of solid organ transplantation must undergo long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Due to concerns about the potential risk of graft rejection and other related side effects caused by ICIs, there are still many doubts and problems in the application of ICIs before and after LT for HCC, which limits the safe and effective application of ICIs before and after LT for HCC. Currently, there is a significant absence of standardized guidelines or widespread consensus on the application of ICIs in LT for HCC among both domestic and international medical communities. In order to provide reasonable guidance and reference for clinical workers in the field of liver transplantation, the Organ Transplantation Committee of the Chinese Medical Association initiated to formulate this consensus, national experts in the field of LT were invited to raise clinical issues. After multiple rounds of discussion, compilation, and expert voting, the consensus was formulated based on published domestic and international relevant guidelines, consensus, and research progress.
【Keywords】 Liver transplantation; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Immune checkpoint inhibitors; Rejection reaction
表1 2009 牛津大学证据分级与推荐意见强度分级标准
1. ICIs在肝癌肝移植术前治疗中的应用
1.1 肝癌肝移植术前ICIs应用的适应症
推荐意见1:肝癌肝移植术前ICIs主要适用于中晚期肝癌患者,无远处转移,具有良好的肝功能和体能评分。鉴于ICIs在肝癌肝移植术前治疗中尚缺乏高等级证据,治疗前需充分告知患者并取得知情同意。(推荐强度 C;证据级别 4;专家共识度:100%)
1.2肝癌肝移植术前ICIs应用的禁忌症
推荐意见2:ICI治疗前须谨慎评估患者禁忌症及慎用情况,对有以下情况须慎用:(1)罹患自身免疫性疾病,(2)伴有出血或高出血风险的胃底静脉曲张患者,(3)特发性肺纤维化、肺炎,(4)重大心血管疾病,不稳定型心律失常,(5)中度以上腹水或严重感染患者。以上意见主要基于中晚期肝癌临床经验,仍需更多肝癌肝移植临床研究证据支持。(推荐强度C;证据级别 4 ;专家共识度 95.8%)
1.3 肝癌肝移植术前ICIs的方案选择
推荐意见3:从现有个案报道和临床经验来看,ICIs单药可以在移植术前安全使用。(推荐强度C,证据级别4 ;专家共识度 87.5%)
1.4 肝癌肝移植术前ICIs联合治疗方案
推荐意见4:ICIs联合运用多种治疗手段(TACE、射频消融、放疗、靶向治疗等)可达到更好的疗效,但需根据根据个体情况选择合适的联合治疗方案。(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)
推荐意见5:目前ICIs联合治疗一线方案有:阿替利珠单抗联合贝伐珠单抗、信迪利单抗联合贝伐珠单抗类似物、阿帕替尼联合卡瑞利珠单抗,一线方案无效时,可考虑二线及后线方案。(推荐强度A,证据级别2a;专家共识度 100%)
1.5 肝癌肝移植术前ICIs应用的疗效评估
推荐意见6:采用动态增强MRI或CT为影像检查联合AFP和异常凝血酶原等肿瘤标志物进行疗效评估,影像学评估可采用mRECIST标准。开始ICIs治疗后的前6个月内每6-8周复查影像学,后续可结合肿瘤标志物每9~12周复查。(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)
推荐意见7:对于超标准肝癌肝移植受者,成功降期至杭州标准的受者,可获得与初始符合标准者相似的预后。(推荐强度B,证据级别2a;专家共识度 95.8%)
1.6 肝癌肝移植术前ICIs停药至移植的间隔时间
推荐意见8:在肿瘤控制良好的情况下,尽量保证术前停药时间为30天及以上。(推荐强度B,证据级别2c,专家共识度 95.8%)
表2 使用免疫治检查抑制剂的肝细胞癌患者肝功能指标
表3 常见的ICIs半衰期
2.1 肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发应用ICIs的适应症
推荐意见9:对于肝癌肝移植术后肝癌复发患者,接受了多种不同类型的治疗方案后复发肿瘤仍持续进展时,可使用ICIs作为挽救性治疗(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 91.7%)。
2.2 肝癌肝移植术后复发转移应用ICIs的禁忌症
推荐意见10:肝移植术后肿瘤复发患者,使用ICIs的禁忌症可参照术前应用禁忌症,其特殊禁忌症为受者在ICIs治疗前建议行肝组织穿刺活检,PD-L1表达阳性者应禁用PD-1/PD-L1抑制剂。受者处于急性排斥反应期,亦是ICIs应用禁忌。(推荐强度B,证据级别 3b;专家共识度 95.8%)
2.3 肝癌肝移植术后是否需要ICIs预防治疗
推荐意见11:目前尚缺乏关于 ICIs 预防肝癌肝移植术后复发的研究,考虑其引发排斥反应的风险,不建议使用ICIs 作为预防肿瘤复发的治疗(推荐强度D,证据级别 5;专家共识度 95.8%)
2.4 肝癌肝移植术后复发转移ICIs治疗方案
推荐意见12:肝癌肝移植术后复发转移使用ICIs多为后线挽救性治疗,单药ICIs为主(推荐强度 B,证据等级 2a)。可选择的系统性联合方案包括联合贝伐珠单抗(推荐强度 B,证据等级 2b)、联合TKI类药物仑伐替尼(推荐强度D,证据级别4)、不推荐进行双免疫治疗(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)。
推荐意见13:肝癌肝移植术后复发转移,ICIs可选择联合局部治疗方案,包括RFA、TACE、HAIC、放射治疗,但目前相关联合治疗文献及研究较少,依据不足(推荐强度D,证据级别5;专家共识度 95.8%)。
2.5 肝癌肝移植术后复发转移ICIs的疗效评估
2.6 肝癌肝移植术后复发转移ICIs治疗可能获益的标志物
多项随机对照Ⅲ期研究也证实了TMB在预测肿瘤患者ICIs治疗效果方面的作用。非小细胞肺癌的随机对照研究(CheckMate 026)发现,在TMB-H(≥243突变)的患者中,纳武利尤单抗相比化疗具有更长的PFS和更高的ORR[55]。另一项队列研究(CheckMate 227)也发现,在TMB ≥ 10 mut/Mb的患者中,双重免疫治疗比化疗更具有显著延长的PFS(7.2个月 vs 5.5个月)[56]。Hill等研究发现,与化疗相比,在MSI-H/TMB高的晚期子宫内膜癌患者中,ICIs单药治疗者OS明显延长。免疫组织化学检测的dMMR高与二代测序检出的MSI高是基本一致的,而且94.3%的病例MSI高与TMB≥10一致,二代测序的结果可更好地预测ICIs治疗的效果[50]。然而,在IMbrave150研究中,对130名肝癌患者进行的观察没有发现TMB与ORR或OS之间存在显著相关性[57]。此外,由于缺乏统一的TMB标准阈值,未来可能需要结合其他预测生物标志物共同预测肝细胞癌患者及肝移植后复发转移肿瘤的免疫治疗疗效。
推荐意见15:目前缺乏肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发转移ICIs治疗获益相关标志物的文献报道,参照肝癌ICIs治疗获益的相关标志物,肿瘤基因组学的生物标志物(错配修复缺陷、微卫星不稳定性、肿瘤突变负荷)以及肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞亚群、外周血中中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞的比值等,可能与ICIs疗效相关。除此之外,肿瘤组织中PD-L1等免疫检查点分子高表达也是ICIs治疗获益的潜在生物标志物。(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 91.7%)
2.7 肝癌肝移植复发转移ICIs治疗期间抗排斥方案的调整
推荐意见16:建议在ICIs治疗期间采用以他克莫司或西罗莫司为主的免疫抑制方案,单药免疫抑制方案,排斥反应发生率较高,而联合用药免疫抑制方案排斥反应发生率低。(推荐强度C,证据级别 4;专家共识度 95.8%)
3. 肝癌肝移植应用ICIs的副作用处理
3.1一般性常见不良反应及其处理
不同器官或系统irAE及处理
处理:根据IMH严重程度,>2级需暂缓或停用ICIs,并给予糖皮质激素及免疫抑制剂[75]。
3.1.5心脏:主要为免疫性心肌炎[80]。
3.1.6肾脏:主要为急性肾损伤(AKI)。
3.1.7肺脏:免疫治疗相关肺炎较为少见,但病情往往较为危重。
推荐意见17: ICIs导致的不良反应最常见的为皮肤和胃肠道反应,出现肝脏、肺脏、心脏等主要器官不良反应时尤应警惕。轻度不良反应需暂缓ICIs治疗并对症支持,2级以上不良反应往往需要停用ICIs,必要时需追加糖皮质激素和免疫抑制药物治疗(推荐强度B,证据级别2c;专家共识度 100%)。
3.2 肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发排斥反应的诊断、处理原则
3.2.1 危险因素:
3.2.2 临床表现与诊断:
3.2.3 处理原则:
推荐意见18: 肝移植受者应用ICIs继发的排斥反应须尽早监测,临床表现可无显著特征,需与免疫相关性肝炎相鉴别,移植物穿刺病理检查为确诊金标准。(推荐强度B,证据级别2a;专家共识度 91.7%)
推荐意见19:针对ICIs继发的排斥反应,首先应立即停用ICIs。轻度急性排斥反应可采用联合用药加强免疫抑制,增加CNIs药物剂量,中、重度急性排斥反应首选静脉应用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗,激素冲击治疗无效的严重排斥反应可使用抗淋巴细胞球蛋白、抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或抗CD3单克隆抗体。合并体液排斥反应的可采用静脉免疫球蛋白或血浆置换。发生不可逆排斥反应时应(结合移植准入标准)考虑再次肝移植。(推荐强度B,证据级别2a;专家共识度 95.8%)
3.3 肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发排斥反应的发生率、预后、高危人群预警
3.3.1肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发排斥反应的发生率
3.3.2肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发排斥反应的预后
3.3.3肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发排斥反应的高危因素
推荐意见20:肝癌肝移植术后ICIs治疗继发的排斥反应预后不佳。移植术后时间较短、免疫抑制药物减量是继发排斥反应的高危因素(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)。
3.4 针对接受ICIs治疗的肝癌肝移植患者,预防排斥反应的方案(术后免疫诱导方案、术后免疫维持方案)
推荐意见21:应根据受者的肝癌降期效果、ICIs种类、ICIs应用疗程、ICIs停药间隔、移植物PD-L1表达水平、肝功能恢复情况以及免疫抑制剂血药浓度等制定个体化免疫诱导和维持方案(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)。
4. MDT 团队在肝癌肝移植ICIs治疗中的必要性和作用
推荐意见22:在肝癌肝移植术前及术后ICIs的应用中,MDT团队应全程参与患者评估、用药方案、疗效评价、不良反应监测与防治等。MDT管理模式可为患者提供更科学、合理、全面的治疗方案,增加患者的治疗获益(推荐强度C,证据级别4;专家共识度 100%)。
5. 展望
通讯作者:
王正昕,复旦大学附属华山医院普外科肝脏移植中心 复旦大学器官移植研究所,上海200040,
E-mail:wangzhengxin@huashan.org.cn,
栗光明,首都医科大学附属佑安医院普外科,肝移植中心,北京,100069,
E-mail:liguangming@ccmu.edu.cn,
杨家印,四川大学华西医院器官移植中心,成都,610044,
E-mail:doctoryjy@scu.edu.cn.
主审专家:郑树森、徐骁、郑虹、周俭、卢倩
专家组成员(按姓氏拼音排序):蔡金贞、陈知水、窦剑、傅志仁、郭文治、贺强、霍枫、栗光明、刘军、刘连新、吕国悦、卢倩、齐海智、冉江华、司中洲、孙倍成、孙煦勇、陶开山、王立明、王正昕、魏来、吴刚、吴忠均、夏强、徐骁、薛武军、杨家印、杨扬、杨诏旭、杨喆、张峰、张雷达、张水军、郑虹、周俭、朱继业、朱志军
执笔人员(按姓氏拼音排序):顾言阁、何玮乔、姜盛然、李建华、李力、李文磊、凌孙彬、马恩斯、阙清扬、孙超、孙力波、孙一博、姚蓉蓉、于金洋、余炯杰、詹启帆、张宫铭、张全保
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